useful tips



Find useful information about your everyday work with optical tweezers. If you have suggestions, some more tips, ... , just send an email. Your contribution will be posted with your name and address enclosed.
cell heating
What is the extent of cell heating due to absorption of laser power? Find a brief summary and some literature dealing with this topic
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fiber coupling
Some basic advices and considerations for efficient coupling of light into an optical fiber
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useful links
A large number of links about various topics, e.g. laser safety labels, laser diode guide, ..
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how do clean optics
Which materials can be used to clean your optics without damaging them; find tips, suggestions, ..
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cell heating


The extent of cell heating depends on several factors, and may, depending on your experiment, your type of cell and your conclusions, be of primary concern. The amount of heating up your cell is in the regime of approximately 1,5 °C per 100 mW applied laser power. Find more information, references, ... viewing the enclosed PDF-file.


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fiber coupling


All optical fibers operate by total internal reflection, having an inner region of high refractive index n1 (core) and a cladding of lower index n2. Light entering the fiber within the acceptance cone is therefore confined by repeated reflection at the core cladding interface.

Fiber input and output behaviour is usually descriped in terms of numerical aperature NA.

NA = n0 * sin a        a = sqrt[n12 + n22]   ..... half acceptance cone angle
n0   ..... refr. index of surrounding

The focused beam must at least match the requirement of having beam angles lying in the acceptance cone.

For further informations see
Fiber Coupling Basics

Gaussian Optic Basics
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useful links

Danger Sign Request Page
you can order a Laser Danger Sign from Coherent, Inc. for FREE
Laser Safety Labels and Signs
download different Laser Safety Labels and Signs from SAM's Laser FAQ
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how to clean your optics


In the enclosed PDF-file PDF-file you will find a number of tips and suggestions how to clean your optics; what materials can be used, ...

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last modified: January 5, 2001
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